Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)
Performed via graded incremental protocol on cycle ergometers or treadmills with continuous monitoring of VO₂ peak, VCO₂, ventilatory equivalents (VE/VCO₂), heart rate, blood pressure, and anaerobic threshold. This gold-standard assessment quantifies cardiopulmonary functional capacity, identifies exercise limitations, and stratifies cardiovascular risk. Data-driven outcomes inform individualized exercise prescriptions aligned with AHA/ACC guidelines.

Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
A submaximal functional assessment measuring aerobic endurance and functional mobility. Clinically validated for tracking disease progression, postoperative recovery, and intervention efficacy in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension populations.

Bioimpedance Body Composition Analysis (InBody770®)
Quantifies skeletal muscle mass, visceral fat, extracellular water, and segmental lean distribution. Critical for diagnosing sarcopenia, fluid overload (e.g., in CHF), and metabolic dysregulation. Integrated with DEXA-calibrated algorithms to guide precision nutrition and resistance training protocols.

Multidimensional Risk Profiling

● Nutritional Status: NRS-2002 screening with albumin/prealbumin biomarkers.

● Psychological Evaluation: HADS (Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale) and PHQ-9 assessments.

● Cardiometabolic Risk: BP variability, lipid panel (LDL/HDL/triglycerides), HbA1c, smoking cessation metrics.

● Physical Activity: IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) scoring.