Congenital heart disease

Congenital abnormalities of the anatomical structure of the heart, mainly includes atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and patent ductus arteriosus. In these diseases, there are abnormal channels in the heart, causing a left to right shunt of the blood inside the heart. The most common initial symptoms for seeking medical treatment are palpitations, chest tightness, and a decrease in exercise tolerance. Some patients seek medical attention after an abnormal finding during the discovery of a heart murmur or cardiac ultrasound examination. For structural heart diseases that lead to abnormal hemodynamics, early treatment after detection is usually emphasized. Otherwise, it can lead to pulmonary hypertension, stroke and heart failure, severely affecting the patient's life expectancy and quality of life.

Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart diseases can be based on congential valvular abnormality and/or caused by acquired factors. The structural damage of the heart valves ultimately leads to valvular stenosis or insufficiency, causing changes in hemodynamics. The most common clinical ones include aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency, mitral valve stenosis and insufficiency, pulmonary valve stenosis and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Severe heart valvular diseases can lead to heart failure, stroke and sudden death. Correcting the valvular function at an early stage is the key to treatment.

Other structural heart diseases

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy can lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, causing decreased exercise tolerance, heart failure, and sudden death. Coronary artery fistula is an abnormal channel between the coronary artery and other blood vessels (usually pulmonary vessels), which can lead to abnormal shunting of coronary artery blood and cause myocardial ischemia. The left atrial appendage is a blind pouch-like structure of the left atrium, which becomes the origin of left atrial thrombus in the case of atrial fibrillation and is highly prone to causing stroke.