A cesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. It is performed when vaginal delivery poses risks to the mother, baby, or both. Indications include fetal distress, breech positioning, placenta previa, multiple pregnancies, obstructed labor, or maternal health conditions like hypertension. C-sections may be planned (elective) or performed emergently during labor.

The procedure typically involves regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural) to numb the lower body while the mother remains awake. In urgent cases, general anesthesia may be used. A horizontal incision is made in the lower abdomen and uterus, allowing safe extraction of the baby and placenta. The surgery usually takes 30–60 minutes, followed by suturing and postoperative monitoring.

C-sections can be lifesaving, significantly reducing maternal and neonatal complications in high-risk scenarios. They also offer predictability for mothers with medical concerns or prior uterine surgeries. However, as major surgery, risks include infection, hemorrhage, blood clots, and longer recovery compared to vaginal birth. Future pregnancies may carry risks of uterine rupture or placenta abnormalities.