Bile duct stones

Bile duct stones are hardened deposits that form in the bile ducts, which carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. These stones can develop in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) or within the liver itself (intrahepatic stones). While some patients remain asymptomatic, common symptoms include severe abdominal pain (especially in the upper right quadrant), jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, nausea, and fever. If left untreated, bile duct stones can lead to serious complications such as cholangitis (bile duct infection), pancreatitis, or liver damage. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, CT scans, or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to visualize the stones and assess bile duct obstruction.

Obstructive jaundice

Obstructive jaundice is a condition caused by blockage of the bile ducts, leading to the accumulation of bile in the bloodstream and resulting in yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, and itching. This obstruction can stem from gallstones, tumors, strictures, or congenital abnormalities, often accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. If left untreated, it may progress to liver dysfunction, infections, or even life-threatening complications. Early diagnosis through blood tests (elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes), imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRCP), and endoscopy is critical for timely intervention.

Acute/chronic pancreatitis with/without complications

Pancreatitis, an inflammatory condition of the pancreas, manifests as acute or chronic episodes with varying severity. Acute pancreatitis often presents with sudden severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, and fever, while chronic pancreatitis develops gradually, leading to persistent pain, weight loss, and fat malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency. Both forms can progress to complications such as pseudocysts (fluid collections), necrosis (tissue death), bile duct or duodenal obstruction, or pancreatic fistulas. Common triggers include gallstones, excessive alcohol consumption, high triglyceride levels, or genetic predisposition. Diagnosis relies on blood tests (elevated amylase/lipase), imaging (CT/MRI), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to assess pancreatic damage and identify underlying causes.